Former Members

From 1977 to 1978 he worked as an assistant researcher in the field of public finance at the Centre for Economic Studies at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; in 1978 he spent six months in Japan as the recipient of an award from the Belgian Foreign Trade Minister; from 1980 until his entry into the Belgian Government in 1994, he was an auditor at the Belgian Court of Audit; he was on secondment between 1984 and 1994. From 1983 to 2006 he was the Mayor of Overpelt. From 1984 to 1985 he was an advisor in the Office of the Belgian Deputy Prime Minister. From 1985 to 1989 he was an advisor in the Office of the Belgian Finance Minister. As a Member of the European Parliament from 1989 to 1991, he was a member of the Committee on Budgets and the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. From 1991 to 1994 he served as a Member of the Federal Government of Belgium and a member of the Finance Committee. He held the posts of Minister for National Defence from 1994 to 1995, and Minister for Agriculture and SMEs from 1995 to 1999. While serving as a Member of the Federal Government of Belgium between 1999 and 2006, he sat on the finance and foreign affairs committees. In 2004 he was elected chairman of the foreign affairs committee. He was a Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 2006 to 30 April 2018. In 2015 he was awarded the title of baron by His Majesty King Philippe of Belgium.

Chef de Cabinet of the Federal Minister for the Budget (1988); Director and Member of the Board of the National Bank of Belgium (1991); Board Member of the Belgo-Luxembourg Exchange Institute (2000); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 2000 to 28 February 2006.

Assistant to the Director-General (1972); Head of the “General budget, management and financial information” Division (1974); Head of Division then Director responsible for aid for developing countries at the Court of Auditors (1978); Director responsible for audit methodology (1985); Secretary-General (1989); Member of the Court of Auditors from 10 February 1994 to 28 February 2000; Audit of measures in favour of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the Newly Independent States (former USSR) and Mongolia (1996).

National Institute of Statistics (1947); various positions at Belgium’s Cour des comptes (1954); Special Budgetary Investigation Department (1966); High-level technical cooperation in Zaire (1973); Member of Belgium’s Cour des comptes (1975); liaison officer with the Court of Auditors of the European Communities (1977); Auditor of the Agence de coopération culturelle et technique in Paris (1976); Assistant Chef de Cabinet to the Minister of Social Security (1974); Member of the Centre public d’aide sociale in Brussels (1989); Member of the Court of Auditors from 21 December 1992 to 9 February 1994; died on 15 October 2013.

Assistant Chef de Cabinet to the Minister for the Coordination of Social Affairs and Education (1966); Head of the Prime Minister’s Economic and Social Office (1968); Chef de Cabinet to the President of the Ministerial Committee of Economic and Social Coordination (1972); Chef de Cabinet to the Secretary of State for the Budget (1974); General Inspector of Finance accredited to the Minister for Communications (1976); Chef de Cabinet to the Secretary of State for the Budget (1977); General Inspector of Finance accredited to the Minister for Communications (1979); general delegate for the reform of State Accounts (1982); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1987 to 15 March 1992. Died on 15 March 1992.

Secretary-General, Study Department, responsible for negotiations (Eurochemic, Eurocontrol) and international work (European Communities) (1957); Service du Crédit Public, part-time until assigned to international duties in April 1960; rank of Inspector-General; Financial Adviser to the Permanent Representation in charge of financial, fiscal and administrative negotiations, full member of the budgetary committee, the European Development Fund and the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, and alternate member of the European Social Fund Committee; member of the Administrative and Financial Committee of the Board of Governors of the European Schools; member of the governors’ group of experts (1959); alternate member of the Board of Directors of the European Investment Bank (1970); Auditor of the ECSC (1971); member of the Audit Board (1972); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1977 to 17 October 1987. Died on 20 January 2017.

Head of department at the Ministry of Industry, analysing the debts of and loans granted to state enterprises, and managing relationships with international financial institutions (1991); member of the Board of Directors of Sofia Bank Ltd in Bulgaria (1993); member of the Bulgarian National Audit Office, responsible for auditing the Bulgarian Central Bank, state debt, the Bank Deposits Fund Guarantee Fund, the Bulgarian Export Insurance Agency, privatisation, state-guaranteed external debt, and public-private partnership projects, and liaison officer with other supreme audit institutions, including the European Court of Auditors (1995); member of the Auditing Board of the Council of Europe Development Bank in Paris (2004); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012 in Audit Group IV “Own resources, banking activities, administrative expenditure, Community institutions and bodies, internal policies”; alternate member of the Court’s Administrative Committee (2007); Member of Chamber IV “Revenue, research and internal policies, and institutions and bodies of the European Union”; Member representing Chamber IV in the CEAD Chamber (2010).

State Budget Department (1990); Deputy Director of the State Budget Department and Head of the General Budget Affairs Division (1994); member of the Finance Committee of CERN (1993-1996); Director of the Analysis Department of the Supreme Audit Office of the Czech Republic (Nejvyšší kontrolní úřad); represented the Czech SAO in the audit-manual working group of ECA, SIGMA and candidate-country experts; various assignments for the World Bank as an expert (1999); appointed Member of the Supreme Audit Office of the Czech Republic (July 2003); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 6 May 2016; Audit Group III “External Actions”; Member of the Court's Administrative Committee; member and chairman of the Verification Committee; member and chairman of the EUROPOL Verification Committee; Dean of Chamber III “External Actions” and Member of the Administrative Committee (2010); represented Chamber III in the CEAD Chamber (2011); Member and subsequently Dean (2013) of Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources”, representing the Chamber in the CEAD Chamber.

Head of the Private Office of the Danish Member of the Court of Auditors (1985-1988); official at the Rigsrevisionen (1988-1989); lecturer in statistics at the University of Copenhagen (1988-1991); head of unit at the Rigsrevisionen (1989-1995); lecturer in economics and civilisation at the University of Copenhagen (1991-1995); Auditor-General (1995-2012); Chairman of the INTOSAI Professional Standards Committee (2004-2012); became a Member of the European Court of Auditors on 1 March 2012; member of the CEAD Group “Coordination, Communication, Evaluation, Assurance and Development”. Died on 1 February 2015.

Head of department at the Rigsrevisionen responsible for overall planning and management of financial audits (1995); member of a working group of representatives of the Supreme Audit Institutions of the EU and the ECA on “European Implementing Guidelines for the INTOSAI Auditing Standards” (1996); Deputy Auditor-General of the Rigsrevisionen responsible for financial audits and performance audits of the Ministries of Defence, Taxation and Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (1999); liaison officer for relations with the European Court of Auditors and with the International Board of Auditors of NATO (2000); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2002 to 29 February 2012: responsible for the audit of the administrative expenditure of the EU institutions, the Office for Official Publications, external offices and delegations of the Communities, and subsidies (2002); member of Audit Group IV “Revenue, banking activities, administrative expenditure, Community institutions and bodies, internal” (2004); Dean (2005); member of the CEAD Group “Coordination, Communication, Evaluation, Assurance and Development”; alternate member of the Administrative Committee (2009); member of Chamber II “Structural policies, transport and energy” and Member representing Chamber II in the CEAD Chamber; Dean of Chamber II and member of the Court’s Administrative Committee (2010).

Head of unit responsible for auditing the accounts of public works and for the Ministry for Greenland; member of the Board of Management responsible for the audit of the ministries of Social Affairs and the Environment (1971); Auditor-General (1985); member of the Monopolies Appeal Board (1987); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 July 1995 to 31 December 2001: responsible for the audit of social policies, industrial policies, the Thessaloniki Centre, the Dublin Foundation and the Cohesion Fund (“Environmental protection” aspect).

Head of department at the Danish Office for the Audit of Public Accounts (1973); Deputy Auditor-General (1983); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 18 April 1989 to 30 June 1995. Died on 4 June 2014.

Head of unit at the Danish Office for the Audit of Public Accounts (1967); head of department at the Danish Office for the Audit of Public Accounts (1974); auditor-delegate to the ECMWF, Reading, United Kingdom (1976); auditor-delegate to the EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany (1978); auditor (1977); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 April 1983 to 17 April 1989. Died on 23 September 1990.

Member of the audit board for ESRO in Paris (1964); head of unit at the Office for the Audit of Public Accounts (1966); head of department at the Office for the Audit of Public Accounts (1972); member of the Audit Board of the European Communities in Brussels (1973); Deputy Auditor of Public Accounts (1976); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1977 to 17 April 1983. Died on 1 May 1996.

Public Prosecutor (1981); management roles at the Hesse Ministry of Justice; Chief Public Prosecutor (1984); Ministerialrat (1986); Head of the Departments of Budgetary Affairs and Regional Planning at the Hesse Ministry of Justice; Member of the Federal Audit Office (Bundesrechnungshof) and Head of the Social Insurance Audit Division (1989); Ministerialdirigent, Head of the Department of Nuclear Regulation and Radiation Protection at the Hesse Ministry of the Environment, Energy and Federal Affairs (1991); State Secretary at the Hesse Ministry of Finance (1994); lawyer specialising in building law, public procurement law and public-private partnerships); member of the Supervisory Committee of OLAF (European Anti-Fraud Office) (1999); State Secretary in the North Rhine-Westphalia Ministry of Finance (2000); member (2004) then Deputy General Manager (2005) of the Management Board of the Association of German Banks; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2008 to 28 February 2014: Audit Group II “Structural policies, transport, research and energy”; alternate member of the Court’s Administrative Committee (2008); member of Chamber II “Structural policies, transport and energy” (2010); Dean of Chamber II and member of the Court’s Administrative Committee (2011); appointed by the Court as its representative on the Board of Auditors of the European Stability Mechanism (2012).

Senior official at the Federal Ministry for Intra-German Relations and at the Lower Saxony Ministries of the Interior and Economic Affairs and Transport (1975); personal adviser at the Lower Saxony Ministry of the Interior (1979); Vice-President of the local government of Weser-Ems (1981); State Secretary at the Lower Saxony Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry (1983); Member of the German Parliament (Bundestag) (1990); President of the German Federal Audit Office (Bundesrechnungshof) (1993); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2007, responsible for the audit of agricultural policies relating to area aid, dairy and beef markets (2002); responsible for Audit Group I “Preservation and management of natural resources” (2004); Dean of Audit Group I (2007); member of the Court's Internal Audit Committee; alternate member of the Court's Administrative Committee and member of the Joint Audit Committee of Europol.

Served on the Parliament's Budget Committee and chaired the Budgetary Control Committee (1982) and the Approval of Defence Spending Committee (1985); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 21 December 1989 to 31 December 2001, responsible for auditing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), borrowing and lending activities and interest subsidies, and also for aid to Central and Eastern European Countries and to the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union; Dean of the Audit Group responsible for structural aid, regional policy, the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes and the “Transport Infrastructure” section of the Cohesion Fund (1994); President of the Court (1996-1999).

Chairman of the Budget Committee (1980); chairman of the Bundestag’s Economic Affairs Committee (1982); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1983 to 20 December 1989. Died on 8 December 2013.

Member of the German Parliament (Bundestag); chairman of the Budget Committee’s Audit Sub-Committee (1957); chairman of the CDU/CSU Group on the Budget Committee (1965); parliamentary State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of Finance (1967); chairman of the Bundestag’s Budget Committee (1969); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 November 1977 to 17 October 1983. Died on 2 October 1994.

Economic policy adviser in the office of the Estonian Prime Minister, responsible for relations with the IMF and other multilateral financial institutions (EBRD, NIB, World Bank); took part in preparatory work for pension reform (1999); finance manager of the Iru power plant (2002); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 10 October 2016: assigned to Audit Group II “Structural policies, transport, research and energy”; Chair of the Court's Administrative Committee (2006); Member of the CEAD Group “Coordination, communication, evaluation, assurance and development” (2008); member of the Joint Audit Committee of Europol; Member responsible for the DAS (Statement of Assurance) in the CEAD Chamber “Coordination, evaluation, assurance and development” (2010); investiture on 10 October 2016 as President of the Republic of Estonia for a five-year term.

Under-Secretary, fiscal policy, Department of Finance (2005-2006); Under-Secretary, Banking Division, International Relations and Financial Services, Department of Finance (2001-2005); Head of the Central Policy Unit for Freedom of Information and Ethics, Department of Finance (1999-2001); Head of Administrative Budgets, Department of Finance (1998-1999); First Assistant, Public Service Pension Scheme, Department of Finance (1996-1998); First Assistant, Monetary Policy and Exchange Rates Unit, Department of Finance (1989-1996); administrative officer, treatment of public domestic debt (assistant bond broker), Department of Finance (1988-1989); Administrative Head, public service employment conditions, Department of Finance/Civil Service (1986-1988); Administrative Head, wage policy, Department of the Civil Service (1984-1986). In addition to the above-mentioned positions, Mr Cardiff has also held a number of other posts in recent years: Member of the Commission of the Central Bank of Ireland; Deputy Director and Director on the Board of Directors of the European Investment Bank; chairman and member of the Fiscal Advisory Group within the Irish Government; Irish representative to the European Code of Conduct Group on taxation; and member and substitute member of the EU Financial Services Committee. Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 May 2012 to 28 February 2018: Member in Chamber I “Sustainable use of natural resources”, in the CAED Chamber “Coordination, evaluation, assurance and development”, where he was responsible for audit development and review, and in Chamber IV – “Regulation of markets and competitive economy”.

Chairman of the Ground Marketing Group (Havas Plc/4D Ireland) (2000); President of the Institute of Management Consultants in Ireland (2005); Chief Executive of the Institute of Directors in Ireland (2006); member of the audit committee of An Garda Síochána (Irish Police Force) (2009); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 31 March 2010 to 29 February 2012: Member of Audit Group III “External actions”; Member of Chamber IV “Revenue, Research and internal policies, and Institutions and bodies of the European Union”; alternate member of the CEAD Chamber “Coordination, evaluation, assurance and development”; reporting Member for the Court's work in relation to EU Agencies.

Minister of State for Education (1982); chair of the first parliamentary All-Party Committee on Women's Rights (1982); member of the All-Party Committee on Marital Breakdown; Minister of State for European Affairs (1987); responsible for coordinating the Irish EU Presidency (1990); chaired the interdepartmental Committee on EU Policy, and the Budget, Culture, Development and Telecommunications Councils during the Irish Presidency; Minister for Tourism, Transport and Communications; responsible for 11 of the principal state-owned companies in Ireland (1992); Minister of Justice (1993), member of the Irish Government team which negotiated the Joint Declaration of December 1993, by the British and Irish governments, on Peace and Reconciliation in Ireland; career in the private sector as a business consultant; non-executive director of two major Irish companies; weekly columnist on the Irish Times newspaper and broadcaster with TG4 (Irish language television station) (1997); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 2000 to 9 February 2010: responsible for the audit of the EU's animal and plant products, other EAGGF expenditure and agricultural measures (2000); responsible for the Court’s ADAR (Audit Development and Reports) division; Dean of the CEAD (Coordination, Evaluation, Assurance, Development) Group (2002); member of Group III “External Actions” (2006); member of the Court's Administrative Committee upon its inception (2009).

Member of the Committee of Public Accounts (1987); Member of the European Parliament: Vice-Chair of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs and Industrial Policy; Vice-Chair of the Group of the Party of European Socialists; member of the EP-ACP and EP-USA delegations (1989); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 10 February 1994 to 29 February 2000: responsible for the “EAGGF-Guidance, Research” sector; Dean of Audit Group I, responsible for the “EAGGF I (animal products, sugar, fisheries)” sector (1996).

President of the Council (1975); Member of the European Parliament (1977); First Vice-President of the European Parliament (1984); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 May 1986 to 9 February 1994; died on 17 March 2019.

Secretary of the Department of Finance; Director at the Central Bank of Ireland; Alternate Governor of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; member of the Coordinating Committee on Short-Term Economic and Financial Policies (EEC); member of the National Economic and Social Council; Member of the National Science Council; member of the board and executive committee of the Economic and Social Research Institute; Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1977 to 17 May 1986; President of the Court (1977-1981). Died on 28 March 2009.

Taught ‘Law Methodology and Public Finance’ at Greece’s National School of Public Administration (1989) and ‘Jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and of the European Court of Human Rights’ at Greece’s National School for the Judiciary (1997); doctoral thesis in law (1985, distinction of très honorable); sat recruitment competitions (1986) organised by the Greek Council of State and the Greek National School of Public Administration (first place in both competitions); magistrate of the Greek Council of State (1987); magistrate at the Greek Court of Audit (1993); Vice-President of the Greek Court of Audit; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2013: Dean of Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources”; responsible for auditing the European Central Bank, the European Investment Bank and the operating expenditure of both EU institutions and bodies and the European Schools; Member responsible for developing the methodology of the Court, and for the research sector; chair of the committee responsible for assessing the external activities of Members of the Court; member and chair of the audit committee for Europol.

Member of the European Parliament, coordinator for the budget (1981); President of the Hellenic National Property Company; Greek Ambassador/Permanent Representative to the OECD (1993); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2001: responsible for auditing EAGGF-Guarantee 2 expenditure.

Attended the Academy of International Law at the University of Dallas (1972); took part in the negotiations concerning Greece’s accession to the European Communities held at Greece’s permanent representation in Brussels (1975); legal adviser at the Ministry of Agriculture (1976); Member of the Court of Auditors from 21 December 1989 to 31 December 1995. Died on 1 January 1998.

District judge (1956); assessor then judge at the Court of First Instance (1957); President of the Court of First Instance (1970); judge at the Court of Appeal and Mayor of Thessaloniki (1974); counsellor at the Greek Court of Audit (1979); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1983 to 20 December 1989. Died on 9 November 2003.

Vice-President of the Greek Court of Audit, auditing public finance and legal persons governed by public law (1980); Member of the Court of Auditors from 1 January 1981 to 17 October 1983. Died on 10 September 2013.

Deputy Magistrate at the Higher Court of Justice of the Balearic Islands (1979); Vice-Rector of the University of the Balearic Islands (1980); Member of the Spanish Parliament (1982); chairman of the Committee on the Economy, Trade and Finance (1983); member of the Committee on Budgets and the Committee on External Affairs and member of the joint Congress/Senate Committee responsible for relations with the Court of Auditors regarding the examination of the national accounts (1984); represented the Spanish Parliament at meetings of the Interparliamentary Union (1985); adviser to the Institute of Fiscal Studies, attached to the Spanish Ministry of Finance; participated in the drafting of the “Report on the economic and financial management of public expenditure in Spain” (1990); responsible for preparing and drafting appeals to the Constitutional Court against the accompanying laws for the Spanish national budget (1997); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 2006 to 29 February 2012, assigned to Audit Group IV “Revenue, banking activities, administrative expenditure, Community institutions and bodies, internal policies”.

Spokesman for the Tortosa People’s Party (1979); regional head of the Catalan branch of the People’s Party; member of the National Executive Committee of the People’s Party (1986); deputy president of the European People’s Party group in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (1989); Member of the Western European Union Assembly (1991); Budgetary Control Committee, Foreign Affairs, Security and Defence Policy Committees (1994); Member of the European Court of Auditors (2000-2006): President of the Court, 2002-2005. Died on 16 April 2012.

Member of the Catalan Parliament, member of the budget committee (1992-1994); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 10 February 1994 to 29 February 2000: responsible for the “Own resources” and “Regional sector – Transport – Tourism” sectors (1996).

Member of the joint Senate-Congress committee for budgetary and financial matters and Senate budgets; re-elected senator of the Province of Tarragona (1979); vice-chairman of the budget committee; member of the finance, budget, health and social security, Statute and presidency committees, and member of the permanent deputation of the Senate; member of the delegation of representatives of the Assembly of Catalan Parliamentarians who negotiated the region’s autonomous statute with the Constitutional Committee of Congress; spokesman and secretary of the parliamentary group “Catalonia democracy and socialism”; member of the permanent section of the socialist group and coordinator of the group’s activities in the economic, financial and budgetary domains; member of the Senate committees responsible for reporting on the state budget and the committees consulted about the draft fiscal and economic laws (1978); Senate representative to the Federal Republic of Germany and the Council of Europe on fiscal and economic matters; head of the audit section and member of the administrative committee (Comisiὀn de Gobierno) of the Spanish Court of Auditors; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 27 January 1986 to 9 February 1994.

Director of the Taskforce of the Audit Office of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in Geneva (1989); permanent representative in Rome of the Premier Président of the Cour des comptes française and Director of External Audit of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) (1994); Member of the Board of Auditors of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Brussels (1998); President of the Sixth Chamber of the Cour des Comptes Française (2005); while at the Cour des comptes française, served as France's representative on the Public Sector Committee of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) (1989); Member of France's State Accounting Standards Committee; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2013; Member of Audit Group I “Preservation and management of natural resources” (2008); Dean of Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources” and Member of the Administrative Committee (2010); Member of Chamber I and alternate member of the Administrative Committee.

Auditor and then Conseiller référendaire at the Cour des comptes française auditing the Ministries of Education and Research, and the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation; external audit of the accounts of the United Nations and the World Meteorological Organization (1987); member of the INTOSAI and EUROSAI committees (1988); rapporteur at the Court of Budgetary and Financial Discipline (1990); Chargé de mission to the First President of the Cour des comptes française, responsible for setting up a Department for International and European Affairs, subsequently serving as Deputy Secretary-General (1993); member of the National Disciplinary Chamber for Private Sector Auditors; represented the Order of French Accountants on the public sector committee of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC); taught Community public finance at postgraduate level at the University of Paris I; senior lecturer at the École Nationale d'Administration (ENA); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2007; responsible for the “Audit of own resources and reimbursements to Member States” sector; responsible for setting up a new “Rural development, fisheries and the sea” audit sector (2000); Dean of Audit Group I “Preservation and management of natural resources”, responsible for auditing animal and plant product markets, rural development, fisheries and the sea (2002).

seconded to the Commission of the European Economic Community (Common Market) as Principal Administrator in the Executive Secretariat; Assistant to the Director-General for Administration (1959); Director of Home Affairs (1963); Director of Administration (1968); Director of Personnel (1970); Director for Budgets (1973); Director-General for Budgets of the Commission of the European Communities (1977); Conseiller maître at the Cour des comptes française in an extraordinary capacity; Delegate for airspace matters (1986); President of the National Association of Doctors in Economics, President of the Executive Bureau (1978); Professor of European Public Finance at the College of Europe in Bruges (1981); Professor at the European University Centre in Nancy; Visiting Professor at the University of Strasbourg (1983); Member of the Court of Auditors from 21 December 1989 to 16 December 1995. Died on 16 December 1995.

Chargé de mission in the Prime Minister’s Office (1962); Conseiller maître at the Cour des comptes française; Director of the Agricultural Markets Guidance and Regulation Fund (1967); Member of Parliament for Finistère (1968); Secretary of State for Post and Telecommunications (1974); Administrator at the Caisse Nationale de Crédit Agricole and Air France; Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1977 to 20 December 1989; President of the Court from 1981 to 1984.

Various research position, including Chief of Division for monetary policy, and Research Fellow, Institute of Economics, Zagreb, Croatia (until 1992); Member of advisory committees on macroeconomic policy and structural reforms formed by the Federal Government of the former SFR Yugoslavia(until 1989); Member of the Board of the Bank Rehabilitation Agency of the Government of the former SFR Yugoslavia (until 1990); Advisor to the Governor of the National Bank of Croatia on the introduction of the first Croatian currency after the declaration of Croatian independence (until 1992); Fiscal Economist for Pakistan, Fiscal Affairs Department (until 1993); Fiscal Economist for Poland, Fiscal Affairs Department (until 1995); Senior Desk Officer for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, European Department (until 1997); Senior Desk Officer for Slovakia, European Department (until 1999); Mission Chief for Albania (2000); Mission Chief for Romania (until 2004); Senior resident representative, Head of the IMF Moscow Office, Russia (until 2009); Mission Chief for Belarus, with the position in Moscow (until 2009); Staff Member, IMF, Washington DC, USA (1992-2009); Senior advisor, Croatian National Bank (2009-2013). 2013 - became a Member of the European Court of Auditors, and was appointed to Chamber IV – Revenue - research and internal policies, and institutions and bodies of the European Union.

Manager of a family company (1984); elected as a Member of the Cypriot House of Representatives (1991) representing the Progressive Party of the Working People, and re-elected in 1996; member of the Financial and Budgetary Parliamentary Committee, and member of the Trade, Industry and Tourism Committee (1991); member of the Communications and Public Works Committee (1991); member of the Joint EU/Cyprus Parliamentary Committee; represented the Cypriot Parliament at various international meetings abroad (1996); general executive manager of Cyprus’ largest cooperative financial organisation (1997); president of the Investments Group of Cooperative Societies (1999); elected mayor of Famagusta; became President of the Occupied Municipalities Committee and First Vice-President of the Union of Cyprus Municipalities (2001); appointed Minister of Communications and Works by the President of the Republic of Cyprus (2003); also appointed Member of the Council of Internal Control; participated as a Minister in EU Council of Ministers’ meetings on Transport, Development, Shipping and Telecommunications; resigned from his post in April 2004; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 2 November 2004 to 1 November 2010; responsible for Audit Group I “Preservation and management of natural resources”; member of the Court's Administrative Committee (2004); Member of Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources” (2010).

Financial director of IP Riga, a Latvian-German joint venture (1990); auditor and then audit manager at Coopers & Lybrand Latvia (1993); deputy head and then head of the internal audit department of Parex Bank (1997); managing director of his own certified audit practice (2003); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 6 May 2016; Audit Group IV “Own resources, banking activities, administrative expenditure, Community institutions and bodies” (2004); member of the Administrative Committee; Dean of the CEAD Chamber (Coordination, Evaluation, Assurance and Development), primarily responsible for Audit Quality and Support; member of the Administrative Committee (2012); vice-chairman and chairman of the Board of Auditors of the European Stability Mechanism.

Adviser at the Legal Affairs and Agreements Unit, Ministry of International Economic Relations of the Republic of Lithuania (1992); adviser to the Prime Minister, Government of the Republic of Lithuania (1993); legal adviser, Joint Stock Company Lelija (1995); Under-Secretary, Ministry of Justice (1997); Vice Minister, Ministry of Justice (1998); Deputy Under-Secretary, Ministry of Internal Affairs (2001); Under-Secretary, Ministry of Internal Affairs (2002); Auditor General, National Audit Office of the Republic of Lithuania (2005); member of the EUROSAI (European Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions) Governing Board (2005); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2010 to 15 June 2016 , Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources”; Dean of Chamber I (2014).

Participated in the following courses and seminars: intensive training programme for trainers in international accounting, auditing, information systems and corporate finance (Center for International Accounting Development, University of Texas, University of Vilnius, and The Soros Foundation, New York); accounting principles, cost and management accounting and financial management (School of Accountancy, DePaul University, Chicago); accountant-economist at a garment-manufacturing company in Vilnius (1980); head of the Industrial Division of the Computing Centre for Statistics of Lithuania (1983); teacher at Vilnius College of Higher Education (1987); senior auditor and manager (1994), then Head of Assurance Services and Deputy Director at PricewaterhouseCoopers Vilnius (2003); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 6 May 2010; assigned to Audit Group IV “Revenue, Banking Activities, Administrative Expenditure, Institutions and Bodies of the European Union and Internal Policies”; member and then chair (2005) of the Court’s Internal Audit Committee; member of the Court’s CEAD Group “Coordination, Communication, Evaluation, Assurance and Development”, representing Group IV; Dean of Group IV (2007).

Developed computer control systems and computer applications for the ARBED steel group (Luxembourg) (1975); elected to the Luxembourg Parliament (1979), and re-elected in 1984, 1989 and 1994; chairman of the Christian Social Party (CSP) parliamentary group from 1985 to 1995 and chairman of the Finance and Budget Committee; chairman of the Research and Education Committee, and initiator and rapporteur of a preliminary debate on a law concerning the creation of public research centres, as well as the reform of Luxembourg’s Centre Universitaire and Institut Supérieur de Technologie; architect of a bill to reform Luxembourg’s Chambre des Comptes; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2007: responsible for the audit of “EAGGF-Guidance, Research, Energy and New Policies” (1996); responsible for the audit of “Internal Policies and Research (including JET and the Joint Research Centre)”, which included education, professional training, the environment, transport, culture, consumer protection and research (1998); Member of Audit Group II “Structural policies, transport, research and energy”; Dean of Audit Group II (2004).

Secretary of State for Employment and Immigration in the government of Gaston Thorn (1974); Deputy, member of the parliamentary assemblies of the Council of Europe, the WEU and the Benelux; municipal councillor; chairman of the finance and public works committees (1979); chairman of the Socialist Group in the Chamber of Deputies; chairman of the economics committee; vice-chairman of the finance committee (1984); Member of the Court of Auditors from 21 December 1989 to 31 December 1995. Died on 9 November 2003.

Head of the information bureau of the three European Communities in New York (1964); head of the Information to Third Countries department at the Commission of the European Economic Community (1967); Minister of the Economy, the Middle Classes, Tourism, Transport and Energy of the Luxembourg government (1969); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1977 to 20 December 1989: President of the Court from 1984 to 1989.

Chief representative for Hungary, Austrian State Industries (1990-1995); Assistant Secretary of State, Ministry of Trade and Industry (1995-1996); Ambassador of Hungary in Bonn in 1996; Minister of Industry, Energy, Trade and Tourism (1996-1998); group representative for Hungary, DaimlerChrysler Corp. (1998-2002); member of the National Group of the IPU (2002-2004); Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009: Chairman of the Budgetary Control Committee (2004-2006); Quaestor, Member of the Bureau of the EP (2006-2009); member of the Budgets Committee, the Budgetary Control Committee and the Delegation to the EU-Croatia JPC; First Vice-President of the European Energy Forum; chairman or member of the board of several civil organisations (Hungary in Europe, Economy, European Dialogue, Hungarian Council of the European Movement, Hungarian Car-Importers Association); awarded titles of the Commander’s Cross with the Star of the Order of Merit of Hungary, the Cross of Merit on the Ribbon of Austria and the Great Cross of Merit of Germany; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2010 to 31 August 2017: member of Chamber II “Structural policies, transport and energy” (2010-2012); member of Chamber III “External actions” (2012) and alternate member of the Administrative Committee.

Assistant administrator then head of department at the Central Statistical Office of Hungary, responsible for international relations, planning and reporting, and coordination of data collection; Head of the President’s Office (1970); as senior auditor at the Government Control Commission, audited financial institutions and government finances (1984); Deputy Auditor Director-General then Auditor Director-General at the State Audit Office of Hungary (Állami Számvevőszék), responsible for auditing state-owned companies, privatisation, social and health security funds, major investment projects, foreign assistance including EU pre-accession funds, state-owned properties, finances of political parties and non-profit organisations; responsible for international relations; organised the XVIIIth Congress of the International Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) (1990); chief coordinator and head of an interdepartmental working group for financial control under the European Integration Interdepartmental Commission and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; member of the Hungarian Financial Auditors’ Association (1996); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 6 May 2010; Member and then Dean (2009) of Audit Group I “Preservation and management of natural resources”; member of the CEAD Group (Coordination, Evaluation, Assurance and Development); alternate member of the Court’s Administrative Committee (2006).

Elected to the Maltese Parliament (1976); General Secretary of the Partit Nazzjonalista (1977); various ministerial responsibilities including social development, health, education, employment, home affairs (including national security and correctional facilities), culture and the arts, and policy areas relating to women, family, children and special needs (1987); in the course of Malta’s negotiations to join the EU, served as co-chair of the Malta-EU Joint Parliamentary Committee (1998); unanimously elected Speaker of Parliament (2008); supported different parliamentary committees (Public Accounts, National Audit Office and Ombudsman); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2010 to 30 September 2016: assigned to Chamber IV with responsibility for preparing annual and special reports concerning financial and performance audit in different EU budget policy areas – revenue, administrative expenditure of EU Institutions and bodies, research and internal policies, and financial and economic governance; reporting Member for the institutions’ administrative expenditure and for the European Schools (2010); Member of the Administrative Committee; reporting Member for the EU Agencies and Joint Undertakings; Dean of Chamber IV (2012).

Lectured at Deakin University, Australia, from 1980 until 1988, and at the University of Malta from 1988 to 2004; economic advisor to the Prime Minister of Malta in the field of economic policy, including income tax reform (1988); Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Finance, with duties relating to economic policy (1994); Minister for Economic Services, with responsibilities including economic development policy, the national statistics office, competition policy and government investments including the electricity, water and telecom companies, the national airline, Malta Shipyards, Malta International Airport and the Freeport (1995); member of the Public Accounts Committee, the Foreign and European Affairs Committee and the Malta-EU Joint Parliamentary Committee; also represented Malta in the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (1992); Member of the House of Representatives of Malta in 1992, 1996, 1998 and 2003; Observer Member of the European Parliament, where he took part in meetings of the Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee and of the Regional Policy, Transport and Tourism Committee (2003); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 6 May 2010: assigned to Audit Group II “Structural policies, transport, research and energy” (2004); Member responsible for the Court's Statement of Assurance (DAS) in the CEAD Group (Coordination, communication, evaluation, assurance, development) (2006); Dean of the CEAD Group (2008); appointed Governor of the Central Bank of Malta on 1 July 2011.

Member of the European Parliament (1984); Georgetown Leadership Seminar, School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington DC (1993); Chairman of the Liberal and Democratic Group in the European Parliament (1994); State Secretary for the Interior and Kingdom Relations (1998); member of the Second Chamber; Dutch Government representative at the Convention on the Future of the European Union (European Convention) (2002); ambassador, special assignment (2004); European Union Counter-Terrorism Coordinator (2004); Senior Fellow, Netherlands Institute for International Relations (Clingendael) (2007); Vice-President of the Netherlands Court of Audit (2008); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013; member of Chamber III “External actions”; alternate member of the Administrative Committee (2011); Member representing Chamber III in the CEAD Chamber (2012); chair of the INTOSAI Working Group on Accountability for and the Audit of Disaster-related Aid (2010).

Member of the Dutch Parliament (1970); Member of the European Parliament (1971); adviser to the International Energy Agency (1975); Member of the Dutch Parliament; Vice-President, Treasurer and head of the Democraten 66 party; member of several parliamentary committees of enquiry and chair of the Committee on Budgetary Control; Acting Member of the North Atlantic Assembly and spokesman for its Economic Committee (1977); Member of the Board of the Netherlands Court of Audit, rapporteur for audits on EU funds and chair of the INTOSAI working group on environmental audits (1990); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2010: responsible for financial audit, direct expenditure, general matters and risk analysis, EAGGF-Guarantee sector (1996); responsible for the audit of EU budgetary expenditure in favour of the Central and Eastern European Countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (2000); responsible for Audit Group III “External actions” (2004); Dean of Group III (2006); member of Chamber III “External actions” (2010) and chair of the INTOSAI Working Group on Accountability for and the Audit of Disaster-related Aid (2010); member of the CEAD Chamber “Coordination, evaluation, assurance and development” and alternate member of the Administrative Committee Coordination.

Director-General for the Budget, Ministry of Finance; member/vice-chairman of the Economic Policy Committee of the European Communities (1969); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 18 October 1977 to 31 December 1995: audit of expenditure on energy, research and investment (1977); working methods and professional training; general rapporteur for the annual report (1981); European Regional Development Fund, European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, “Guidance” section; Integrated Mediterranean Programmes; coordination of the Structural Funds; President 1993-1995.

Employed at the Austrian Court of Audit (1974); Auditor at the Court of Audit, responsible for auditing Austria’s social security bodies (1974); Assigned to the Austrian Parliament and subsequently to the Austrian People’s Party (ÖVP) parliamentary group, responsible, inter alia, for committees on the Court of Audit, employment and social affairs, health, foreign affairs, science, economic affairs, constitutional affairs, industry and the Ombudsman Board; Political Director of the ÖVP parliamentary group (1992); Senior administrator (Ministerialrat) at the Austrian Court of Audit (1995); Director (Parlamentsrat) at the Parliament (1999); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 April 2011 to 28 February 2014, first in Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources” and then in Chamber II “Structural policies, transport and energy” (2012).

Work on audits of the Chancellor's Office, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Justice (1970); Head of the Private Office of the President of the Austrian Court of Audit and Head of the organisational unit responsible for INTOSAI's General Secretariat (1975); Head of Personnel (organisation, budgetary and personnel matters, and training) (1981); Director-General of the Public Enterprise Audit Division, responsible for monitoring international developments in the field of INTOSAI and its regional organisations (AFROSAI, ARABOSAI, ASOSAI, EUROSAI, OLACEFS and SPASAI) and for cooperation on United Nations projects in the financial audit field. Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 1995 to 31 March 2011; Responsible for the ADAR sector; President of the Court (2005-2008).

Senior inspector for business audit at Rybnicko-Jastrzębskie Gwarectwo Węglowe (Coal Mining Consortium) in Jastrzębie Zdrój (1984); chief accountant at Borynia Hard Coal Mine in Jastrzębie Zdrój; specialisation in the underground exploitation of deposits (Faculty of Workers of the Technical College of Mining Engineering, Rybnik) (1986); director of the tax office in Katowice (1991); qualification as chartered accountant (1996); postgraduate diploma in tax law in the European Union (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń) (2001); chief internal audit inspector at the Polish Ministry of Finance (2002); tax adviser; certification as internal auditor obtained from the Polish Ministry of Finance (2003); general advisor at the Polish Ministry of Finance (2006); obtained Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) status; adviser to the President of the Polish Supreme Audit Office (Najwyższa Izba Kontroli) (NIK) (2007); Under-Secretary of State at the Polish Ministry of Regional Development; obtained public auditor qualification from the Polish Supreme Audit Office (2008); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2010 to 6 May 2016; Member of Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources”; Dean of Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources”; member of the Administrative Committee (2015).

Polish Delegate to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (1993); member of the Commission on Commerce and Development, and member of the Council of European Observatory Teams during the elections in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Belarus (1994); Vice-President of Poland’s Supreme Chamber of Control (Najwyższa Izba Kontroli); responsible for implementing new audit methodologies and extending international cooperation, particularly with the European Court of Auditors and the SIGMA programme; INTOSAI activities, particularly its Working Group on the Audit of Privatisation; SCC representative to the INTOSAI Permanent Committee for IT Audit (1995); member for Poland of a working group on anticorruption strategy at the World Bank Agency in Warsaw (2000); General Inspector of Financial Information (state body for counteracting money laundering) in the Ministry of Finance); supervised the department of games of chance and betting in the Ministry of Finance; responsible for local government financing and fundamental reforms of public finance and decentralisation of public power (2001); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 6 May 2010; assigned to Audit Group III "External actions"; member of the CEAD Group (Coordination, Communication, Evaluation, Assurance and Development (2006); alternate member of the Court's Administrative Committee (2008).

Taught at the Higher Institute of New Professions (1996). Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 2000 to 30 September 2016: responsible for auditing the EU’s banking activities, including the European Central Bank, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Schools, the decentralised bodies and the Euratom Supply Agency (2000); responsible for the Court's Statement of Assurance (DAS) in the following areas: reliability of the accounts and legality and regularity of the underlying transactions in the various revenue and expenditure areas of the EU budget, reform of the Commission’s internal control system, and modernisation of the EU accounting system; rapporteur for the Court’s opinion on the single audit model and proposal for an EU internal control framework (2002); Dean of the Court’s Audit Group responsible for coordinating financial audit, audit methodologies and quality control (CEAD Group); member of the Court’s Administrative Committee (2005); responsible for the Audit Development and Reports (ADAR) division, in particular, quality control of the Court’s audit reports and implementation of audit methodologies (2006); rapporteur for the Performance Audit Manual adopted by the Court in 2007; President of the European Court of Auditors (2008-2016); auditor of EUROSAI (2008); member of the Governing Board of the European Organisation of Supreme Audit Institutions (EUROSAI) (2011); responsible for overseeing the Court’s work, relations with the institutions of the European Union, relations with the Supreme Audit Institutions and international audit organisations, legal matters and internal audit; during his first term, promoted and managed reform of the Court’s structure and decision-making process by introducing a system of chambers with a view to optimising management of the Court, thus making it more efficient and effective; during his second term, led the institution in a period during which the Court’s audit reports and opinions on financial legislation assumed even greater importance because of the financial crisis and the urgent need to help ensure better management of EU funds; became President of the Portuguese Court of Auditors on 3 October 2016.

Deputy Inspector-General responsible for company inspections and Community audits at the Inspectorate-General of Finance (1974); auditor-general of the securities market then Director-General of the Office for the Analysis of State and Public Enterprise Financing (1988); chairman of the management board of the Financial Institute for Agriculture and Fisheries Development Support (1990); head of the “Advice, audit” department at the Inspectorate-General of Finance (1992); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 10 February 1994 to 29 February 2000; responsible for the EAGGF-Guarantee sector: common organisations of the markets in the animal products and sugar sectors, common policy on fisheries and the sea, and measures in the veterinary field; responsible for auditing the ECSC, borrowing and lending activities, and banking activities (1996).

Technical adviser to the Minister of Finance and the Secretary of State for the Treasury and Finance (“Banks and public companies” sector) (1976); legal adviser in the Secretariat-General of the Ministry of Finance and Planning; chairman of the supervisory committee of Banco Nacional Ultramarino (1977); senior inspector at the Directorate-General of the Treasury; Director-General of the Portuguese Court of Auditors; legal rapporteur of the working group responsible for preparing the draft version of the investment support system; member of the Committee to Coordinate Action to Combat Tax Evasion and Fraud (1980); Member of the Court of Auditors from 27 January 1986 to 9 February 1994.

Engineer for Glass and Fine Ceramics Enterprise (until 1992); Site Manager of the Carpati Construction Holding (until 1994); Director of the Romanian Court of Accounts (until 2000); Advisor to the Mayor (first district City Hall) (until 2002); Secretary-General of the Romanian Court of Accounts (until 2013). 1 July 2013 - became a Member of the European Court of Auditors, and was appointed to Chamber IV - Revenue- research and internal policies, and institutions and bodies of the European Union.

Economist, head of office, head of department and deputy general manager in charge of economic and financial issues at the Youth Travel Office (BTT) in Bucharest (1979); vice-president in charge of economic and financial issues at Group Management SA (1994); adviser to the Romanian Minister of Finance (1997); Counsellor of Accounts at the Romanian Court of Accounts in Bucharest: coordinated the activities of various audit divisions in charge of auditing the State annual general budget implementation account, the annual general implementation account for Romania's public debt, and the implementation of local public authority budgets; also responsible for the audit of the pre-accession funds granted to Romania (ISPA and SAPARD) (1999); expert in the Chamber of Deputies parliamentary group that initiated legislative proposals in March 2005 on the enhancement of legislation relating to the Romanian Court of Accounts; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2007 to 30 June 2013: assigned to Audit Group II “Structural policies, transport, research and energy”; member of Chamber II “Structural policies, transport and energy” and alternate member of the CEAD Chamber “Coordination, evaluation, assurance and development”.

Economist for the World Bank in Washington D.C., USA (1991); economist, on external leave of absence from the World Bank, in Slovenia (1997); State Secretary for the Budget and Public Finances at the Ministry of Finance, responsible for the introduction of public finance reforms in Slovenia in preparation for Slovenia joining the European Union (1998); Executive Director and Chief Financial Officer at Nova Ljubljanska Banka dd, Ljubljana (2000); Minister without portfolio responsible for European Affairs (2004); Member of the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia and chairman of the parliamentary Committee on Public Finance Control (2004); Secretary-General of the Slovenian Government (2008); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2010 to 6 May 2016: member of Chamber IV “Revenue, Research and internal policies, and Institutions and bodies of the European Union”; Member representing Chamber IV in the CEAD Chamber (2012); Dean of Chamber IV (2014).

First President of the Court of Audit (Računsko sodišče) of the Republic of Slovenia (1994); drafted a new audit law (2001); member of the EUROSAI governing board (1999); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 6 May 2010: member of Audit Group II “Structural policies, transport, research and energy”; member of the CEAD Group (Coordination, Communication, Evaluation, Assurance, Development) (2006); alternate member of the Court’s Administrative Committee.

Official in the Central Committee of the Slovak Union of Antifascist Combatants (1974); administrator responsible for relations with (specialised) inter-governmental organisations (WHO, ILO and UNESCO) at the Ministry of Education; Member of Czechoslovak delegations at bilateral and multilateral negotiations with UNESCO and several Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Education (1978); Director-General of the Institute for Language and Academic Preparation for Foreign Students, responsible for management, budget, teaching processes, recruitment of foreign students and internal audit; Head of the Department for Advanced Studies and Foreign Relations at the Academia Istropolitana in Bratislava (1991); Director-General of the Centre for International Relations at the Ministry of Education (1999); Director of the Department for European Cooperation and International Relations at the Supreme Audit Office of Slovakia, responsible for international relations in the field of audit, and cooperation with international organisations (INTOSAI, EUROSAI, NASACT, AISCUF and the ECA). Representative of the Slovak Audit Office on the Working Committee of the Slovak Government's Ministerial Council for European Integration, and coordinator of the Acquis communautaire department during the EU accession procedure (1997-1999 and 2001-2004); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 7 May 2004 to 6 May 2010, assigned to Audit Group I “Preservation and management of natural resources”.

Member of the Committee on Budgets (2004-2009); deputy coordinator and member of the Committee on Budgetary Control (2009-2012); member of the Committee on Transport and Tourism and a substitute member of the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. In the Finnish Parliament: Chairperson of the Grand Committee (2003-2004); auditor at the Bank of Finland (1996-2000); member of the committee on constitutional matters (1995-2000), which he chaired between 1996 and 2000; member of the transport committee (1995-1996). In the Finnish Government: Home Affairs Minister (in Lipponen’s second cabinet) from 2000-2003; President of the National Coalition Party (2001-2004). Principal elector of the President of Finland (1988); Chairperson of the Executive Bureau of the city of Turku from 1993 to 1995. Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 2012 to 28 February 2018.

Partner in an authorised auditing company from 1995 to 2005, acting as part-time auditor; Member of Parliament in Finland (1991) ‒ numerous areas of parliamentary work: Chairman of the State Budget and Budgetary Control Committee, member of the Tax Section and the Transport Section, and member of the Speaker's Council (2003); one of the Auditors to the Bank of Finland and then Chairman of the Auditors; substitute state auditor (1992); member of the parliamentary board of trustees of the Bank of Finland (1993); second substitute member (1993) then first substitute member (1993-1999) of the limited board of trustees of the Bank of Finland; Chairman of Parliament’s Bank Board for the Bank of Finland and Chairman of the Advisory Board of the State Finance Audit Office; member of the Supervisory Committee of the Nordic Countries’ Investment Bank (2003); member (1993) then Chairman (2003) of the Governing Board of the Finnish National Fund for Research and Development; member (1982) then head (2000) of Loimaa local council; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 2006 to 28 February 2012: responsible for Audit Group I “Preservation and management of natural resources” and Member of the CEAD Group (Coordination, communication, evaluation, assurance, development) (2006); Member of Chamber I “Preservation and management of natural resources” and alternate member of the Administrative Committee (2010). Partner and Chairman of the Board of Directors, BDO Oy (2012); Senior Adviser, BDO Oy, Finland.

Commercial Secretary at the Finnish embassy in Belgium (1971); partner at SVH/Coopers & Lybrand Helsinki (1973-1995); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 1995 to 28 February 2006; responsible for the “ECSC, loans and borrowings, banking activities” sector (1995); responsible for the “Operating expenditure of the Community Institutions, the Publications Office, external offices and delegations, European schools, subsidies, satellite bodies (with the exception of the Thessaloniki Centre and the Dublin Foundation), and the Euratom Supply Agency” sector; Board of the European Development Bank; independent accountant (2006).

Director-General of the Swedish Companies Registration Office (2004-2006); Deputy Director-General of the Confederation of Swedish Enterprises (2001-2004); Chief Information Officer, Acting Director-General, Deputy Director-General and Director-General of the Federation of Swedish Industry (1991-2001); Chief Information Officer at SIAB (construction company) (1990-1991); press attaché, press officer, then information officer for the Swedish military, and spokesperson for the commander-in-chief of the Swedish army (1982-1990); President of the Swedish Students’ Union (SFS) (1980-1982); member of the government committee for interoperability (E-nämden) and member of the management board of the national agency for services to higher education institutions (2005-2006); president of the central Society and Defence federation; member of the industrial relations board for the Swedish crisis preparation agency and member of the business advisory council for the commander-in-chief of the army (2003-2004); Stockholm branch president of the Moderate Party (1997-2003); substitute member of the Executive Board of the Riksbank (1998-2002); member of the management board of Birka Energi (1999-2002); President of the Svenska Bostäder (1999-2001); director of Locum AB (1999-2001); member of the War Sciences Academy and member of the management board of Sveriges Radio (Swedish radio) (1996-1998). Member of the European Court of Auditors from 10 June 2011 to 28 February 2018. Died 29 March 2018.

Under-Secretary at the Swedish Ministry of Finance, and Head of Division for medium- and long-term economic policy issues (1985); Under-Secretary for Economic Affairs at the Swedish Ministry of Finance; chief economist at Svenska Handelsbanken (Head of Market Research) (1992); Deputy Governor of the Swedish Central Bank (Sveriges Riksbank), responsible for monetary policy (1995); Governor of the Swedish Central Bank (2003); several board positions in government agencies, companies and universities; represented Sweden in international bodies such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the Monetary Committee (later, the Economic and Financial Committee) of the EU and the European Central Bank (ECB); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 2006 to 9 June 2011: member of Audit Group II “Structural policies, transport, research and energy”; Member responsible for Communication in the CEAD Group (Coordination, communication, evaluation, assurance, development) (2006); member of the Court’s Administrative Committee (2007); member of Chamber III “External Actions” and alternate member of the CEAD Chamber “Coordination, evaluation, assurance, development” (2010); Member representing Chamber III in the CEAD Chamber (2011).

Secretary-General of the Swedish Moderate Party (1974); Member of the Swedish Parliament (Riksdag), member of the Standing Committee on Finance, member of the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs, deputy chairman of the Committee on European Union Affairs (1994); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2002 to 28 February 2006.

Secretary to the member of the town council responsible for the finances of the city of Stockholm (1973); assistant secretary to the Nordic Council Presidium (1977); Secretary of State responsible for cooperation between Scandinavian countries and Secretary of State at the Ministry of Finance; chairman of the Committee on Large Towns (1988); adviser and coordinator at the Prime Minister's Office (1990); personal representative of the Prime Minister in the concerted reappraisal of cooperation between the Nordic countries in anticipation of Sweden’s accession to the European Economic Area and to the EU (1990); negotiator and adviser on economic, financial and budgetary matters to the Secretariat of the Social Democratic Group in the Swedish Parliament (Riksdag) (1992); Director-General at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1994); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 March 1995 to 31 December 2001: responsible for the “Cooperation with developing countries and non-Member States (General Budget of the European Union)” sector; President of the European Court of Auditors (1999-2001). Died on 19 September 2016.

Head of the Treasury's Agricultural Division (1984); Financial and Economic Counsellor in the office of the UK Permanent Representative to the EU (1985); head of the Treasury's European Union Group, Assistant Director and then Director of the European Investment Bank in Luxembourg (1990); UK Deputy Permanent Representative to the EU in Brussels (1995); chairman of COREPER I during the UK Presidency of the Council (1998); Head of the European Secretariat of the Cabinet Office (1999-2000); Visiting Fellow at the Centre for International Studies at the London School of Economics and Practitioner Fellow at the European Institute of the University of Sussex (2000); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2013: responsible for the audit of agricultural policies: Statement of Assurance, clearance of accounts and export refunds; member of the CEAD Group (Coordination, evaluation, assurance, development); Member responsible for Audit Group I “Agricultural policies” (2004); assigned to Audit Group II “Structural policies, transport, research and energy” (2006); Dean (2008); Dean of the CEAD Chamber “Coordination, evaluation, assurance and development”, responsible for Audit Quality and Support; member of the Administrative Committee (2010); member of Chamber III “External Actions” (2012). Died on 3 September 2016.

Principal Private Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer (1980-1981); Under-Secretary in charge of the Oil Division at the Ministry of Energy (1981-1984); worked in the Central Cabinet Secretariat (1985-1985); Under-Secretary then Deputy-Secretary at the Department of Education and Science, responsible for the supply, training and pay of teachers; Member of the European Court of Auditors from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 2001: responsible for the “Social sector, industrial policies, Berlin Centre, Dublin Foundation, environment, Cohesion Fund (environmental aspect)” sector; responsible for the sector producing the statement of assurance (DAS); Dean of the DAS Group (1995).

Seconded to the diplomatic service as an economic and financial adviser to the UK Permanent Representative to the European Communities in Brussels (1974); Secretary at the Treasury responsible for public and parliamentary scrutiny of expenditure (1978); responsible for overseas aid and trade matters, export credit and international debt problems in the Treasury’s “Overseas” department (1982); Member of the European Court of Auditors from 18 October 1983 to 31 December 1992; responsible for agricultural expenditure (1983); member of the Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy by virtue of Regulation No 6 of 23 September 1988.

Chairman of the Board of Inland Revenue (1973); Member of the Court of Auditors from 18 October 1977 to 17 October 1983. Died on 19 February 2007.